As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses,
employers, including school districts and joint agreements, will be (or already
have been) faced with employees who request sick days or leave related to
COVID-19. In these ever-changing times, it is important for employers to
protect their workplace and employees from COVID-19 to the best of their
ability, while also avoiding taking actions or asking improper questions which
violate relevant state and federal employment laws. Below is a summary of (1) recent
guidance issued by the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”)
on what actions employers can take to help prevent transmission of COVID-19 in
the workplace, and (2) FMLA certification requirements in light of the Emergency
Family and Medical Leave Expansion Act (“EFMLEA”) which passed last week as
part of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act.
EEOC Guidance
Based on guidance of the CDC and other public health authorities, the EEOC has determined that COVID-19 causes a direct threat to workplaces, meaning that it poses “a significant risk of substantial harm to the health or safety of the individual or others that cannot be eliminated or reduced by reasonable accommodation.” Accordingly, the EEOC has issued instructive guidance on the types of measures employers can take, including what questions they can lawfully ask their employees, to mitigate the chance of COVID-19 transmission in the workplace without violating the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) or the Rehabilitation Act. Pursuant to this guidance, employers may take the following actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19:
- Employers
can send home any employees who have COVID-19 or associated symptoms. - If
employees feel ill at work, or call in sick, employers may ask the employees
questions about their symptoms to determine if they may have COVID-19; - Employers
are permitted to measure employees’ body temperatures. However, the results of any
such examination are subject to ADA confidentiality requirements. - If
employees return from travel, employers do not have to wait for the employees
to show symptoms before they are permitted to question the employees about
their potential exposure to COVID-19. Similarly, employers are permitted to
follow the advice of the CDC and state/local public health authorities
regarding what information is needed by employers to permit employees to return
to the workplace after visiting specified locations. - Employers
can encourage employees to telework. Additionally, employers should note that
employees with a high risk of infection or harm from COVID-19 can ask to
telework as a reasonable accommodation under the ADA. - Employers
can require employees to adopt infection-control practices such as regular
hand-washing, coughing and sneezing etiquette, tissue disposal, etc. - If
employees have not been reporting to work, employers are permitted to ask why
the employees have been absent. - Employers
can screen job-applicants for COVID-19 symptoms after making a conditional job
offer to the applicant, so long as employers do this for all entering employees
in the same type of job. - Employers
can require applicants to have a medical examination (including, for example,
having the applicant’s temperature taken) after making a conditional job offer
to the applicant, so long as employers do this for all entering employees in
the same type of job. - Employers
can delay the start date for new employees who have COVID-19 or associated
symptoms. - Employers
may withdraw job offers to applicants who have COVID-19 or associated symptoms
when employers need the applicant to begin immediately.
FMLA Certification
The EFMLEA, which was passed last week, provides for a limited and temporary expansion of the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) for issues related to COVID-19. For a comprehensive overview of the EFMLEA’s provisions, please see last week’s priority briefing on the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, which can be found here. The below summary is limited to describing how employers’ right to certification under the FMLA has, or has not, been affected by the EFMLEA.
Under the FMLA,
eligible employees are entitled to up to 12 weeks of leave for the following
reasons:
- Because
of the birth of the employee’s child and in order to care for that child; - Because
of the placement of a child with the employee for adoption or foster care; - To
care for the employee’s spouse, child, or parent if that spouse, child, or
parent has a serious health condition; - Because
of the employee’s own serious health condition which makes the employee unable
to perform the functions of his or her position; - Because
of any qualifying exigency arising out of the fact that the employee’s spouse,
child, or parent is on covered active duty (or has been notified of an
impending call or order to covered active duty) in the Armed Forces.
The EFMLEA added a
sixth reason for which employees can seek leave – to care for his or her child
under age 18 if the child’s school or place of care has been closed, or if the childcare
provider is unavailable, due to COVID-19.
Under the FMLA, an
employer may require an employee to provide it with a certification, issued by
a health care provider, to obtain leave under reasons C and D, above. Although
the EFMLEA added a new basis for seeking leave under the FMLA, it did not alter
or amend any provisions relating to certification. Therefore, an employer can
still only require certification from a health care provider if the employee is
seeking leave because of his or her own serious health condition, or to care
for his or her spouse, child, or parent who has a serious health condition.
Consequently, if
an employee seeks leave because he or she has contracted COVID-19, or to take
care of the employee’s spouse, child, or parent who has contracted COVID-19, the
employer can still require the employee to provide a certification issued by a
health care provider. However, if an employee seeks leave to care for his or
her child because the child’s school has closed, the employer cannot require
any form of certification.
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us. We will provide updated with additional guidance as it becomes available. Attorneys in our Flossmoor (708-799-6766) and Oak Brook (630-928-1200) offices can assist with any questions you may have about these and related matters during these ever-changing times.